{"id":11138,"date":"2019-10-01T16:34:38","date_gmt":"2019-10-01T14:34:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oiebulletin.fr\/?p=11138"},"modified":"2019-11-06T11:54:04","modified_gmt":"2019-11-06T10:54:04","slug":"namibias-demonstration-of-freedom-from-bovine-tuberculosis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138","title":{"rendered":"Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>AUTHORS:<\/p>\n<p>F. Chitate<sup>(1)<\/sup>, G.T. Fosgate<sup>(2)<\/sup> &amp;&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Boshoff<sup>(3)<\/sup>*<\/p>\n<p>(1) Department of Production Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, 340&nbsp;Mandume&nbsp;Ndemufayo&nbsp;Avenue, Pionierspark, Windhoek, Namibia.<br \/>\n(2) Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.<br \/>\n(3) Meat Standards Division, Meat Board of Namibia, P.O.&nbsp;Box&nbsp;38 Windhoek, Namibia.<\/p>\n<p>* Corresponding author: <a href=\"mailto:meatstandards@nammic.com.na\">meatstandards@nammic.com.na<\/a><\/p>\n<p>SUMMARY:<\/p>\n<p>Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic bacterial zoonotic disease caused by <em>Mycobacterium bovis<\/em> and has been notifiable in Namibia since 1956. Active and passive surveillance for <em>Mycobacterium bovis<\/em> has been implemented in Namibia since&nbsp;1910. Active surveillance involves examination of carcasses at export slaughter facilities, which account for&nbsp;85% of all slaughter in Namibia, routine testing of dairy herds, and testing of cattle and susceptible wildlife before export using OIE recommended tests. Passive surveillance involves investigation of reported suspect clinical cases through intradermal testing and post-mortem examination, followed by culture. The last confirmed case of bTB in the OIE-approved Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Free Zone without vaccination, south of the Veterinary Cordon Fence (VCF), was in&nbsp;1986, while the last confirmed case in the FMD Protection Zone north of the VCF was in&nbsp;1995. Namibia exports live weaner cattle to neighbouring South Africa for fattening and eventual slaughter. In 2016, revised conditions for importation of weaner cattle to South Africa from Namibia were introduced, requiring, amongst other stipulations, the testing of the cattle for bTB prior to exportation. In the period of 1&nbsp;July&nbsp;2016 to 31&nbsp;May&nbsp;2019, a total of 788,773&nbsp;head of cattle were tested and subsequently exported. A qualitative risk assessment assessed the bTB risk associated with the exportation of weaner cattle from Namibia to feedlots for eventual slaughter in South Africa. The bTB risk associated with that trade was determined to be negligible without pre-exportation bTB&nbsp;testing. Considering the surveillance information gathered, the surveillance systems implemented, the performance of the Veterinary Services and strict import control, Namibia presents this information as a demonstration of freedom from&nbsp;bTB.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\" http:\/\/oiebulletin.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/OIE_NF-015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Read the full article here&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>AUTHORS: F. Chitate(1), G.T. Fosgate(2) &amp;&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Boshoff(3)* (1) Department of Production Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, 340&nbsp;Mandume&nbsp;Ndemufayo&nbsp;Avenue, Pionierspark, Windhoek, Namibia. (2) Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa. (3) Meat Standards Division, Meat Board of Namibia, P.O.&nbsp;Box&nbsp;38 Windhoek, Namibia. * Corresponding author: meatstandards@nammic.com.na SUMMARY: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11135,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[719,1907,1939,1011,1014,204,2092],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis - WOAH Bulletin<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis - WOAH Bulletin\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"AUTHORS: F. Chitate(1), G.T. Fosgate(2) &amp;&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Boshoff(3)* (1) Department of Production Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, 340&nbsp;Mandume&nbsp;Ndemufayo&nbsp;Avenue, Pionierspark, Windhoek, Namibia. (2) Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa. (3) Meat Standards Division, Meat Board of Namibia, P.O.&nbsp;Box&nbsp;38 Windhoek, Namibia. * Corresponding author: meatstandards@nammic.com.na SUMMARY: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is &hellip; Continue reading &quot;Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis&quot;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"WOAH Bulletin\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-01T14:34:38+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-11-06T10:54:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/GettyImages-958522742_450-72.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1140\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"450\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Catherine Hayet\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Catherine Hayet\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138\",\"name\":\"Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis - WOAH Bulletin\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-10-01T14:34:38+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-11-06T10:54:04+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#\/schema\/person\/651fdef14ed41a5dc4ba424e732bc4ec\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/\",\"name\":\"WOAH Bulletin\",\"description\":\"The publication of the World Organisation for Animal Health\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#\/schema\/person\/651fdef14ed41a5dc4ba424e732bc4ec\",\"name\":\"Catherine Hayet\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5d5c944d5a7ea1222f0ef04d6e0f3ebc?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5d5c944d5a7ea1222f0ef04d6e0f3ebc?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Catherine Hayet\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?author=3\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis - WOAH Bulletin","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis - WOAH Bulletin","og_description":"AUTHORS: F. Chitate(1), G.T. Fosgate(2) &amp;&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Boshoff(3)* (1) Department of Production Animal Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, 340&nbsp;Mandume&nbsp;Ndemufayo&nbsp;Avenue, Pionierspark, Windhoek, Namibia. (2) Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa. (3) Meat Standards Division, Meat Board of Namibia, P.O.&nbsp;Box&nbsp;38 Windhoek, Namibia. * Corresponding author: meatstandards@nammic.com.na SUMMARY: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is &hellip; Continue reading \"Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis\"","og_url":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138","og_site_name":"WOAH Bulletin","article_published_time":"2019-10-01T14:34:38+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-11-06T10:54:04+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1140,"height":450,"url":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/GettyImages-958522742_450-72.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Catherine Hayet","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Catherine Hayet","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138","url":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138","name":"Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis - WOAH Bulletin","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#website"},"datePublished":"2019-10-01T14:34:38+00:00","dateModified":"2019-11-06T10:54:04+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#\/schema\/person\/651fdef14ed41a5dc4ba424e732bc4ec"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=11138#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Namibia\u2019s demonstration of freedom from bovine tuberculosis"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#website","url":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/","name":"WOAH Bulletin","description":"The publication of the World Organisation for Animal Health","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#\/schema\/person\/651fdef14ed41a5dc4ba424e732bc4ec","name":"Catherine Hayet","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?lang=es\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5d5c944d5a7ea1222f0ef04d6e0f3ebc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5d5c944d5a7ea1222f0ef04d6e0f3ebc?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Catherine Hayet"},"url":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?author=3"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11138"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11138"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11138\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11135"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11138"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11138"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}