{"id":18474,"date":"2021-04-28T11:05:34","date_gmt":"2021-04-28T09:05:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/oiebulletin.fr\/?p=18474"},"modified":"2021-04-28T14:35:07","modified_gmt":"2021-04-28T12:35:07","slug":"oie-nf-36_sweden","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=18474&lang=fr","title":{"rendered":"How disease control and animal health services can impact antimicrobial resistance. A&nbsp;retrospective country case study of&nbsp;Sweden"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #006aa7;\">Authors<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Martin Wierup <sup>(1)<\/sup>, Helene&nbsp;Wahlstr\u00f6m&nbsp;<sup>(2)<\/sup> &amp;&nbsp;Bj\u00f6rn&nbsp;Bengtsson&nbsp;<sup>(2)<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">(1) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.slu.se\/en\/departments\/biomedical-sciences-veterinary-public-health\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences<\/a>, Uppsala, Sweden.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 11pt;\">(2) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sva.se\/en\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">National Veterinary Institute<\/a>, Uppsala, Sweden.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this article do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the OIE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries.<\/em><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><em>The views expressed in this article are solely the responsibility of the author(s). The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the OIE in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #006aa7;\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"custom-resume\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Data and experiences in Sweden show that it is possible to combine high productivity in animal production with the restricted use of antibiotics. The major key factors that explain Sweden\u2019s success in preventing AMR&nbsp;are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Swedish veterinary practitioners were aware of the risk of AMR as early as the&nbsp;1950s, and the need for prudent use of antibiotics was already being discussed in the&nbsp;1960s.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Early establishment of health services and health controls to prevent, control and, when possible, eradicate endemic diseases reduced the need for antibiotics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Access to data on antibiotic sales and AMR made it possible to focus on areas of concern.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">State veterinary leadership provided legal structures and strategies for cooperation between stakeholders and facilitated the establishment of coordinated animal health services that are industry-led, but supported by the&nbsp;State.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"custom-chapeau\">In Sweden, disease control and efforts to mitigate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have resulted in the lowest use of antibiotics in the European Union (EU) and a low occurrence of AMR [1,&nbsp;2]. The OIE and its Tripartite partners, World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), have emphasised the importance of taking action to combat AMR&nbsp;[3], and in order to support efforts to tackle this problem we carried out a country case study&nbsp;[4] to identify the key factors behind Sweden\u2019s success in this area. As highlighted by the EU&nbsp;[5], lessons learnt from successful strategies in individual countries can be valuable for other countries, and it is hoped that the factors outlined here will prove useful to OIE Members across the&nbsp;globe.<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"custom-h2\">State leadership of veterinary activities and epizootic disease control<\/h2>\n<p>In Sweden, the State took the lead role in disease control early in the 20th&nbsp;century when a series of outbreaks of major epizootic diseases occurred (<a href=\" http:\/\/oiebulletin.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Table-I.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Table&nbsp;I<\/a>). Substantial efforts were made to eradicate these diseases, and the laboratory and veterinary infrastructure that the State developed at the time subsequently became a valuable tool in the prevention of endemic&nbsp;disease.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"custom-h2\">Early focus on endemic diseases \u2013 major target for antibiotic use<\/h2>\n<p>In 1945, industry-led animal health advisory organisations began providing health advice services to help animal producers control endemic diseases, which are the major burden of disease and the major target for antibiotic use (Fig.&nbsp;1). Today, close to 100% of all commercial producers use these organised health services. In&nbsp;1969, regulations were introduced enabling industry organisations to obtain State funding to implement disease control programmes for specific diseases of national importance. These programmes, known as \u2018organised health controls\u2019 follow government guidelines and are supervised by the State. This collaboration between industry and the State has enabled important endemic diseases to be controlled or eradicated (<a href=\" http:\/\/oiebulletin.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Table-II.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Table&nbsp;II<\/a>).<br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18551\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18551\" style=\"width: 1180px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\" http:\/\/oiebulletin.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Fig1.jpg\" alt=\"Fig. 1\" width=\"1180\" height=\"755\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18552\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Fig1.jpg 1180w, https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Fig1-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Fig1-1024x655.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Fig1-768x491.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Fig1-600x384.jpg 600w, https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Fig1-134x86.jpg 134w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18551\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fig. 1. Estimated global burden of animal infectious diseases indicating the relative magnitude of the burden (losses of production and labour and costs of control and medical care). <i>Source:<\/i> International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) 2009<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"custom-h2\">Veterinary expertise on farms<\/h2>\n<p>Producers who use organised health services or participate in organised health control programmes receive regular visits from veterinarians. This enables them to benefit from veterinary expertise and obtain advice on farm-specific issues and on complying with policies and recommendations on biosecurity, the use of antibiotics and good agricultural&nbsp;practice.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"custom-h2\">Antibiotic use and resistance<\/h2>\n<p>Since the mid-1950s, veterinary practitioners and researchers in Sweden have frequently highlighted the risks of AMR and the need for prudent use of antibiotics. The ban (1986) on antibiotics for growth promotion (AGP) put the focus on disease prevention by other means, including management, feeding, and housing. Data on the occurrence of AMR has been available since the late 1950s and data on antibiotic sales has been accessible since 1980, and these data have been used to formulate policies, guidelines and legislation on the use of antibiotics, and to evaluate the effects of actions taken. The data transformed a general awareness of AMR into a concrete understanding of the problem and enabled action to be taken to mitigate the emergence of&nbsp;AMR.<\/p>\n<p>Several actions have also been taken to counteract the spread of resistant bacteria of specific importance. A&nbsp;policy on the treatment of mastitis in dairy cows in&nbsp;1995 reduced the occurrence of penicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus<\/em> from 10% to 1% by recommending that cows infected with resistant <em>S.&nbsp;aureus<\/em> should be culled rather than treated. In addition, cooperation between national authorities in the human and animal sectors has enabled Sweden to take a One&nbsp;Health approach to the problem of antibiotic&nbsp;resistance.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"custom-h2\">Cooperation in problem solving<\/h2>\n<p>The Veterinary Competent Authority has facilitated control of infectious diseases and AMR by using its regulatory and financial tools. Cooperation between relevant stakeholders has enabled mutual understanding of the need for, and benefits of, implementing measures to prevent and control infectious diseases and to counteract&nbsp;AMR. Controls on the import of, and domestic trade in, animals, genes and feed ingredients have prevented the introduction and spread of several infectious diseases. The use of antibiotics has also become an important issue on the political agenda and for&nbsp;consumers.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"custom-h2\">Early actions<\/h2>\n<p>In areas of major importance for counteracting AMR, Sweden took action long before other countries; for example, it implemented national disease eradication programmes early on, and as a result was able to eradicate bovine tuberculosis and bovine brucellosis (<a href=\" http:\/\/oiebulletin.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/OIE-NF-036_AMR-Sweden_Table-I.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Table&nbsp;I<\/a>). Also, the country introduced measures to control <em>Salmonella<\/em> more than 60&nbsp;years ago, which has resulted in virtually salmonella-free animal and feed production. Sweden was the first country to regularly publish data on national sales of antibiotics and to ban the use of AGPs, and it initiated national monitoring of AMR in animals as early as&nbsp;2000.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #006aa7;\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>European Medicines Agency (EMA) (2020). \u2013 European surveillance of veterinary antimicrobial consumption, 2020. &#8216;Sales of veterinary antimicrobial agents in 31 European countries in 2018&#8217;. (EMA\/24309\/2020). EMA, Amsterdam.<\/li>\n<li>European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) &amp; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) (2020). \u2013 The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2017\/2018. <em>EFSA J<\/em>., <strong>18 <\/strong>(3), e06007. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6007<\/a><\/li>\n<li>World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). \u2013 Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. WHO, Geneva.<\/li>\n<li>Wierup M., Wahlstrom H. &amp;&nbsp;Bengtsson&nbsp;B. (2021). \u2013 Successful prevention of antimicrobial resistance in animals \u2013 A&nbsp;retrospective country case study of Sweden. <em>Antibiotics<\/em>, <strong>10 <\/strong>(2), 129. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10020129\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10020129<\/a><\/li>\n<li>European Commission (2017). \u2013 The new EU One Health Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance. <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/amr\/action_eu_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/amr\/action_eu_en<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre style=\"text-align: right;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20506\/bull.2021.NF.3167<\/pre>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><span style=\"font-family: wingdings, 'zapf dingbats';\">n<\/span>&nbsp;<em>OIE News<\/em> \u2013 April 2021<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Authors Martin Wierup (1), Helene&nbsp;Wahlstr\u00f6m&nbsp;(2) &amp;&nbsp;Bj\u00f6rn&nbsp;Bengtsson&nbsp;(2) (1) Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. (2) National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. The designations and denominations employed and the presentation of the material in this article do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/bulletin.woah.org\/?p=18474&#038;lang=fr\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;How disease control and animal health services can impact antimicrobial resistance. A&nbsp;retrospective country case study of&nbsp;Sweden&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":18522,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[1931,1820,1822,1902,1777,1915],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How disease control and animal health services can impact antimicrobial resistance. 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